Drunk Squirrel wrote:
The non gmo hybrids...
Hybrids are, by definition, genetically modified.
For the unaware, seed corn companies hire farmers to grow crops for the hybrid seeds, which are harvested and sold the next season to farmers. The seed corn grower typically plants six rows at a time, ABBBBA. The planter going up and down the field results in ABBBBAABBBBAABBBBA. Actually, the seed company often supplies a sub contractor to plant the corn, using a larger planter (32 rows+), then follows up with a specialty planter to seed the two male rows at a different date or dates. Lots of specialized equipment has been developed just for this purpose, some of it amazingly huge. The seed corn companies also do a lot of research with varieties in equatorial areas like Hawaii, due to very limited rogue pollen pressure and growing seasons that never end- no fallow time over Winter.
The corn plant is hermaphroditic- it contains both male and female reproductive parts. The tassel on top is the male part, the silk on the ear is the female part. All of the tassels of the B rows are removed prior to pollen drop, so the ONLY male pollen available in the field is from the A plants. After pollen is expended, the A rows are destroyed. Thus the offspring kernels from the B plants are now AB. The AB corn is harvested (usually on the ear) and processed by the seed corn company and stored until the next Spring, when it is sold to the farmers. Surprisingly, AB corn seeds grows AB plants and produces seeds, but they are often sterile, or do not produce AB corn plants if planted. Open pollinated corn may be a hybrid, and likely is, but it is grown without the controls on its pollen, and the seed produced will produce the same plant as its parent.
This type of selective breeding has been done for centuries. The more concerning modifications are the ones involving splicing of the actual plant genes themselves. These are the RoundUp Ready seeds that are resistant to glyphosate herbicide, or Bt corn, which has a gene from soil bacteria placed in the corn plant genes, which produces a protein that kills corn borer worms when they feed on the plant. These are called traits, which can be selected by the end grower for use on their farm. If I want to only use glyphosate as weed spray and protect against corn borer, I can buy seed with both traits stacked together.
Clearly, the seed company has huge amounts of money invested in the research and development of the seeds and traits. Which is why a single bag of multi-trait seed corn costs around $300. That is typically less than a bushel of corn by weight and plants about 3 acres (or less). And, the company has to develop the herbicide that works with the seeds, and advertise it, and distribute, etc. That makes them pretty defensive of their intellectual property. Every year, foreign nationals have been caught trying to steal corn and soybean plant materials from farm fields in the Midwest. China wants to grow their own food, and can copy with the best of them...